Visual Indication of Rupture of Drug Reservoir

ABSTRACT

Devices and methods are provided for visualizing the opening of a drug reservoir of an implantable medical device. The disclosure provides methods for observing the release or exposure of contents from a drug reservoir of a medical device placed within the vitreous of an eye of a subject. The methods include implanting a drug delivery device within an anatomy of a subject. The device includes a plurality of reservoirs, each loaded with a therapeutic agent and a marker, and a plurality of barrier layers for separating the contents of the reservoirs from the anatomy. The method further includes irradiating at least one of the barrier layers such that at least one of the reservoirs is breached, thereby triggering release of the therapeutic agent and the marker from the device. By visually detecting release of the marker into the anatomy, release of the therapeutic agent into the anatomy is verified.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/910,572filed on Oct. 22, 2010, which claims priority benefit of U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 61/254,179, filed Oct. 22, 2009, whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure provides methods for a physician to determinewhich of the drug delivery device's drug reservoirs contain drug andwhich ones have already been opened to release their drug contents.Additionally, the present disclosure provides methods for a physician toidentify the individual drug reservoirs of an implantable drug deliverydevice while the drug delivery device resides in the body of a subject.The present disclosure also relates to methods for visualizing theopening of a drug reservoir of an implantable medical drug deliverydevice. In particular, the present disclosure provides methods forobserving a visual indication of the release of contents from a drugreservoir of a drug delivery device placed within the vitreous of an eyeof a subject. Alternatively, the present disclosure provides methods forobserving a visual indication of the exposure of the contents of a drugreservoir of a medical drug delivery device placed within the vitreousof an eye of a subject.

BACKGROUND

Implantable drug delivery devices are used to deliver various types oftherapeutic agents. For example, drug-eluting stents release ananti-proliferative agent such as sirolimus or paclitaxel into the wallof the blood vessel in contact with the stent to prevent fibrosis byimplantable polymer reservoirs slowly eluting drug at a pre-determinedrate into the surrounding tissue. Previously, it has been difficult todetermine whether the therapeutic agent is being or has been correctlyreleased because there may be no way to directly or indirectly visualizechanges in the drug delivery device or the mechanism of drug releasewhile the drug delivery device is inside the subject. Release can beconfirmed analytically by assaying a blood or tissue sample taken from apatient for the presence of the therapeutic agent or by looking for theexpected clinical improvement in the patient's condition. However, thesemethods may present therapeutic, diagnostic, economic, or simplylogistical drawbacks since confirmation of drug release from theimplantable drug delivery device is not immediate and may be based onindirect or secondary indicators of release such as biomarkers orphysiologic changes in the subject. Accordingly there is a need in theart for methods of assessing, during a visit to a health care provider,whether a therapeutic agent is being or has been properly delivered byan implantable drug delivery device. In particular, the ability tonon-invasively visualize the inside of the eye provides an opportunityto develop methods for observing the condition of an implantable drugdelivery device and confirming drug release while the drug deliverydevice resides in the subject's eye.

Examples of drug delivery devices for ophthalmic applications aredescribed in the following, which are all incorporated herein byreference: U.S. Pat. No. 6,976,982, U.S. Pat. No. 7,582,080, US2008/0221557, U.S. Pat. No. 7,776,024, AU 200241834, CN 2432438, EU1372602, JP 4354521, JP 2002-555792, JP 2009-277085.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides methods for a physician to identify theindividual drug reservoirs of an implantable drug delivery device whilethe drug delivery device resides in the body of a subject. Additionally,the present disclosure provides methods for a physician to determinewhich of the drug delivery device's drug reservoirs contain drug andwhich ones have already been opened to release their drug contents. Thepresent disclosure also relates to methods for visualizing the openingof a drug reservoir of an implantable drug delivery device. Inparticular, the present disclosure provides methods for observing therelease of contents from a drug reservoir of a drug delivery deviceplaced within the vitreous of an eye of a subject. Alternatively, thepresent disclosure provides methods for observing the exposure of thecontents of a drug reservoir of a drug delivery device placed within thevitreous of an eye of a subject.

Specifically, the present disclosure provides methods comprising: a)implanting a drug delivery device within the anatomy of a subject,wherein the drug delivery device comprises: i) a plurality ofreservoirs, each loaded with a therapeutic agent and a marker; and ii) aplurality of barrier layers, each separating the contents of one of theplurality of reservoirs from the anatomy; b) irradiating at least one ofthe plurality of barrier layers such that at least one of the pluralityof reservoirs is breached, thereby triggering release of the therapeuticagent and the marker from the drug delivery device; and c) visuallydetecting release of the marker into the anatomy in order to verifyrelease of the therapeutic agent into the anatomy. In some preferredembodiments, the marker is a fluorophore and the visually detecting isaccomplished by use of a fluorophotometer, and in a subset of theseembodiments, the fluorophore may be fluorescein, rose Bengal,indocyanine green, rhodamine, or any derivative thereof, for example.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises one or more ofanti-inflammatories, anti-infectives, anti-allergens, cholinergicagonists and antagonists, adrenergic agonists and antagonists,anti-glaucoma agents, agents for cataract prevention or treatment,neuroprotective agents, anti-oxidants, antihistamines, anti-plateletagents, anti-coagulants, anti-thrombic agents, anti-scarring agents,anti-proliferatives, anti-tumor agents, complement factors, complementinhibitors, decongestants, vitamins, growth factors, anti-growth factoragents, gene therapy vectors, chemotherapy agents, protein kinaseinhibitors, small interfering RNAs, limus family compounds, antibodyfragments, and combinations thereof. In some preferred embodiments, theanti-growth factor agent is at least one of an anti-vascular endothelialgrowth factor (anti-VEGF) agent, anti-platelet-derived growth factor(anti-PDGF) agent, and anti-placental growth factor (anti-PLGF) agent,for example. In some particularly preferred embodiments the anti-VEGFagent is one or more of the following, for example: aflibercept (VEGFtrap), bevacizumab (AVASTIN), pegaptanib sodium (MACUGEN), andranibizumab (LUCENTIS). In some embodiments, the complement factor iscomplement factor H, for example. In some embodiments, the complementinhibitor is a SIP inhibitor, mTOR inhibitor, factor B, factor C3,factor D, or C5 aptamer, for example. A complement inhibitor may beEclizumab, for example. A SIP inhibitor may be, for example,Sonepcizumab. An mTOR inhibitor may be, for example, Sirolimus orEverolimus. In other embodiments, the anti-inflammatory is a steroidalagent. In some preferred embodiments, the steroidal agent is selectedfrom the group including dexamethasone, triamcinolone, and fluocinolone,for example. An example of fluocinolone is Illuvien. An example of anantibody fragment is ESBA105. Furthermore, in other embodiments, thetherapeutic agent may be a sphingomab, such as iSONEP, an anti-PDGFpegylated aptamer, an a5bl integrin antagonist, or a NADPH OxidaseInhibitor, for example.

The present disclosure provides embodiments in which the marker iscovalently linked to the therapeutic agent, as well as embodiments inwhich the marker is not linked to the therapeutic agent. In someembodiments, the marker is configured as a coating encapsulating thetherapeutic agent so that at least a portion of the marker is releasedbefore any drug is released from the reservoir. In some embodiments, themarker is mixed or co-formulated with the therapeutic agent so that themarker and therapeutic agent are released simultaneously. In otherembodiments, the marker is contained in the therapeutic agent as a smallpellet or aggregation of marker that is only exposed and released oncemost or all of the drug released. In some preferred embodiments, theirradiating comprises application of optical radiation from a laser. Thelaser may be an argon ion laser, a Nd:YAG laser, a frequency-doubledNd:YAG laser, a diode laser, a Nd:YLF laser, a krypton laser, a dyelaser, or a helium-neon laser, for example. In some embodiments, theimplanting comprises placement of the drug delivery device within oradjacent to an ocular region of the subject. In some preferredembodiments, the ocular region may be a sclera, a cornea, a choroid, apars plana, a retina, a vitreous body, or a conjunctiva, for example. Insome preferred embodiments, the implanting comprises intravitrealinjection or insertion of the drug delivery device. Also provided by thepresent disclosure are methods suitable for treating or preventing acondition, such as wet or dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD),choroidal neovascularization (CNV), diabetic retinopathy, branch retinalvein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), macularedema, diabetic macular edema (DME), cancer, glaucoma, retinal andchoroidal disease, cataracts, dry eye syndrome, optic neuropathy,orbital disease, corneal conditions, retinitis pigmentosa, uveitis, andother diseases or conditions of the eye. In some embodiments, themethods further comprise: d) distinguishing between an unloaded or emptyreservoir and at least one loaded reservoir, wherein the unloadedreservoir is produced due to essentially complete release of thetherapeutic agent and the marker, and wherein the at least one loadedreservoir still contains the therapeutic agent and the marker; e)irradiating at least one of the plurality of barrier layers such thatthe at least one loaded reservoir is breached, thereby triggeringfurther release of the therapeutic agent and the marker from the drugdelivery device; and f) visually detecting release of the marker fromthe loaded reservoir into the anatomy in order to verify further releaseof the therapeutic agent. In some preferred embodiments, the methodsfurther comprise repeating steps d-f until all of the plurality ofreservoirs are unloaded reservoirs.

Moreover the present disclosure provides methods comprising: a)implanting a drug delivery device within anatomy of a subject, whereinthe drug delivery device comprises: i) a plurality of reservoirs, eachloaded with a therapeutic agent; and ii) a plurality of barrier layers,each separating contents of one of the plurality of reservoirs from theanatomy; b) irradiating at least one of the plurality of barrier layerssuch that at least one of the plurality of reservoirs becomes a breachedreservoir that generates or exposes a visual indicator, and c) visuallydetecting the visual indicator in order to verify exposure of thetherapeutic agent to the anatomy.

In some embodiments, the visual indicator comprises an air bubble andthe visually detecting is accomplished by use of an ophthalmic slit-lampmicroscope. In other embodiments, the visual indicator comprises a holein the barrier layer that can be visually detected by use of anophthalmic slit-lamp microscope.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent comprises one or more of:anti-inflammatories, an anti-infectives, an anti-allergens, cholinergicagonists and antagonists, adrenergic agonists and antagonists,anti-glaucoma agents, agents for cataract prevention or treatment,neuroprotection agents, anti-oxidants, antihistamines, anti-plateletagents, anti-coagulants, anti-thrombic agents, anti-scarring agents,anti-proliferatives, anti-tumor agents, complement inhibitors,decongestants, vitamins, growth factors, anti-growth factor agents, genetherapy vectors, chemotherapy agents, protein kinase inhibitors, smallinterfering RNAs, limus family compounds, or combinations thereof, forexample.

In some preferred embodiments, the anti-growth factor agent is ananti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent. In someparticularly preferred embodiments the anti-VEGF agent is one or more ofthe following: aflibercept (VEGF trap), bevacizumab (AVASTIN),pegaptanib sodium (MACUGEN), ranibizumab (LUCENTIS), or combinationsthereof, for example.

In other embodiments, the anti-inflammatory is a steroidal agent. Insome preferred embodiments, the steroidal agent is dexamethasone,triamcinolone, or fluocinolone, for example.

In some preferred embodiments, the irradiating comprises application ofa laser, such as an argon ion laser, a Nd:YAG laser, a frequency-doubledNd:YAG laser, a diode laser, a Nd:YLF laser, a krypton laser, a dyelaser, or a helium-neon laser.

In some embodiments, the implanting comprises placement of the drugdelivery device within or adjacent to an ocular region of the subject.

In some preferred embodiments, the ocular region may be a sclera, acornea, a choroid, a retina, a vitreous body, or a conjunctiva, forexample. In some preferred embodiments, the implanting comprisesintravitreal injection of the device. Also provided by the presentdisclosure are methods suitable for treating or preventing conditions,such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, branchretinal vein occlusion, central retinal vein occlusion, macular edema,cancer, glaucoma, retinal and choroidal disease, cataracts, dry eyesyndrome, optic neuropathy, orbital disease, corneal conditions,uveitis, and any condition listed in Table B above. In some embodiments,the methods further comprise: d) distinguishing between an unloaded orempty reservoir and at least one loaded reservoir, wherein the unloadedreservoir is produced due to essentially complete release of thetherapeutic agent, and wherein the at least one loaded reservoir stillcontains the therapeutic agent; e) irradiating at least one of theplurality of barrier layers such that the at least one loaded reservoirbecomes a breached reservoir that generates or exposes the visualindicator; and f) visually detecting the visual indicator in order toverify further exposure of the therapeutic agent to the anatomy. In somepreferred embodiments, the methods further comprise repeating steps d-funtil all of the plurality of reservoirs are unloaded reservoirs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a drug delivery device that hasbeen implanted into the vitreous body of an eye.

FIG. 2 illustrates the embodiment of the drug delivery device beingimplanted into the eye by a needle.

FIG. 3 illustrates the embodiment of the drug delivery device.

FIGS. 4A-C and 4D-F illustrate two embodiments of a drug deliverydevice. FIG. 4A depicts a laser beam perforating a barrier layer of adrug reservoir to liberate a therapeutic agent and a marker containedtherein, leaving an empty reservoir as shown in FIGS. 4B and 4C,respectively. FIG. 4D depicts a laser beam perforating barrier layers ofa marker envelope and a drug reservoir to liberate a marker and atherapeutic agent, leaving an empty envelope and reservoir as shown inFIGS. 4E and 4F, respectively.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the drug delivery device.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a drug delivery device releasing amarker contained therein after a laser beam has perforated the barrierlayer of a drug reservoir.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a drug delivery device releasing onemarker contained in one reservoir and a different second markercontained in a second reservoir after laser light has perforated thebarrier layers of the two reservoirs.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides methods for a physician to identify theindividual drug reservoirs of an implantable drug delivery device whilethe drug delivery device resides in the body of a subject. Additionally,the present disclosure provides methods for a physician to determinewhich of the drug delivery device's drug reservoirs contain drug andwhich ones have already been opened to release their drug contents. Thepresent disclosure relates to methods for visualizing the opening of adrug reservoir of an implantable medical drug delivery device. Inparticular, the present disclosure provides methods for directly orindirectly observing the release or exposure of contents from a drugreservoir of a medical drug delivery device placed within the vitreousof an eye of a subject.

In some cases, such as when the implanted drug delivery device isvisibly observable (e.g., placed in the shallow dermis or epidermis, inendoscopically-accessible areas, or most relevantly, in the transparentstructures of the eye), the opening of a drug reservoir of the drugdelivery device can be directly observed. This is particularlyadvantageous when a treatment regimen requires periodic and localadministration of a therapeutic agent.

In conventional ocular posterior chamber drug therapy, a therapeuticagent is directly injected into one or both eyes of a patient. Thephysician receives definite visual feedback that the drug payload hasbeen delivered by virtue of the injection needle being inserted to aparticular depth in the anatomy, and the syringe being emptied of itscontents in a visually obvious way (i.e. the depressing of the syringe'splunger). As described in this disclosure, the release of a visibleindicator (e.g., a marker) during laser activation of a drug reservoirof an exemplary implantable drug delivery device is a valuable tool forconfirming that laser activation was successful in creating an openingin the drug reservoir. An indication from the implantable drug deliverydevice that the barrier of a drug reservoir has been altered, activated,perforated, breached, etc., and that the therapeutic agent containedtherein will subsequently begin eluting, provides the same level ofconfidence as conventional intraocular injection that a specific dose ofa therapeutic agent is being administered. Confirmation of appropriateactivation of the implantable drug delivery device (e.g., the opening ofa drug barrier layer) by visible observation is contemplated to provideboth a quick and unequivocal indication of drug release. However, ifdirect observation of the therapeutic agent itself is not feasible, asurrogate marker is employed to indirectly monitor release or exposureof the therapeutic agent from a drug reservoir of the implantablemedical drug delivery device. In some embodiments, the surrogate markeris conjugated to the therapeutic agent so that the surrogatemarker-therapeutic agent can be directly monitored.

The present disclosure relates to the use of an implantable drugdelivery device comprising one or more drug reservoirs containing atherapeutic agent to be released or exposed by a physician or otherhealthcare provider, as needed. In preferred embodiments, the drugreservoirs of the drug delivery device comprise a barrier layer that isimpervious to the therapeutic agent(s) contained therein. If the drugdelivery device is rod-like or cylindrical in shape, the barrier layermay extend circumferentially around the reservoir. In some embodiments,if necessary to the ensure the stability or viability of the therapeuticagent, the barrier layer is impervious to water, oxygen and/or othersubstances external to the barrier layer such as cells, enzymes,vitreous, etc., which may be deleterious to the therapeutic agent if itis exposed to these materials for a prolonged period of time prior torelease. The barrier layer is breached by a laser or other means ofselective destruction or alteration of the barrier. The ruptured barrierin turn, allows the contents of the reservoir(s) to elute into thetissue (e.g., interior of the eye) in a controlled, predetermined,manner.

I. Implantation and Irradiation

As mentioned above, a physician may rupture one or more reservoirs of animplanted drug delivery device to release a therapeutic agent containedtherein by applying laser light to the reservoir's barrier layer, asillustrated in FIG. 1.

The drug delivery devices are configured for implantation (e.g., surgeryor injection) within or adjacent to a variety of body locations,including in an ocular region of a subject. In the example depicted inFIG. 2, drug delivery device 100 is shown being injected into the ocularregion of the subject by a needle 212. The needle may comprise a 20gauge or smaller cannula. In these variations, the drug delivery devicesare configured for placement within or adjacent to a sclera, a cornea, achoroid, a retina, a vitreous body, a pars plana, or a conjunctiva of aneye of a subject. Furthermore, in some examples, drug delivery devicesare configured so that, when placed in an ocular region, they do notcontact the retina or lens.

Referring back to FIG. 1, drug delivery device 100 is configured to fitwithin the vitreous 102 at the back of an eye 105. An external lightsource 110 (e.g., a laser available to retinal specialists) is used toirradiate a reservoir 130 in drug delivery device 100 to release atherapeutic agent 104 directly into the eye 105 so that it can reach adesired target in the retinal region 103. The radiation 112 emitted fromthe external light source 110 is not significantly absorbed by anyportion of drug delivery device 100 except a barrier layer of areservoir 130, thereby allowing selective release of the therapeuticagent 104 from the illuminated reservoir. In some cases, the radiation112 is not significantly absorbed by tissues adjacent to drug deliverydevice 100, thereby reducing the probability of damage to the tissues.

The drug delivery device 100 shown in FIG. 1 has one breached (unsealed)reservoir 130, and four unbreached (sealed) reservoirs that sequester atherapeutic agent 104 from the vitreous 102 until which time a furtherdose is needed. It is understood that FIG. 1 shows one example and thenumber of reservoirs in other drug delivery devices can be greater orless than five. It should also be understood that the order of breachingthe reservoirs with an external light source may be in any order. Inother words, reservoirs can be breached in sequential order, but canalso be breached in an nonsequential order.

Drug delivery device 100 is illustrated in FIG. 3. Drug delivery device100 comprises multiple reservoirs 128, 129, 130, 131 and 132. In thisparticular example, the reservoirs 128, 129, 130, 131 and 132 arearranged in a linear array along the device body. The reservoirs 128,129, 130, 131 and 132 may be separated by separation members 106, whichmay comprise membranes, valves, and/or walls, as discussed above. Thedrug delivery devices may have a configuration, geometry, and/ordimensions that are suitable for ocular implantation. A drug deliverydevice for use in the eye may be designed for implantation into thevitreous cavity, the retina, the sclera, the cornea, the conjunctiva, orany space or potential space within the orbit or eye itself. Forexample, if a device is to be implanted in the vitreous, the device mayhave dimensions such that the device will not reach the retinal tissueor the lens to reduce the probability of interference with vision and/orinjury to those areas.

Further, the device 100 has an elongated delivery configuration, whichmay fit into a cannula needle (e.g., a 20 gauge, a 21 gauge, a 23 gauge,a 25 gauge, a 30 gauge or even smaller cannula), as illustrated in FIG.2.

Drug delivery devices may be rigid in some examples. In other examples,the drug delivery devices may be at least partially flexible to assistthe devices in conforming to a subject's anatomy, e.g., the vitreouscavity in an eye. For example, the drug delivery device may comprise aflexible body, or relatively rigid device body sections that may, forexample, be interconnected with flexible members. Drug delivery devicesmay comprise a unitary body that comprises one or more reservoirs, orthey may comprise multiple body sections that each may comprise one ormore drug reservoirs. In these instances, the reservoirs may be arrangedwithin multiple device body sections that may or may not be coupledtogether.

Within a device, the reservoirs themselves may have a variety ofconfigurations. For example, the reservoirs may comprise open, hollowvolumes within device bodies, or they may comprise one or more plugs,replacement reservoirs, or the like inserted into device bodies. Thereservoirs may have the same or different sizes and/or shapes within thesame device. For example, a device body may comprise multiple similar orequally-sized sections, where single ones of these sections may be usedto form some reservoirs, and multiple ones of these sections may bejoined together to form a reservoir that is larger than other reservoirsin the same device. Adjacent reservoirs may be separated from each otherusing any suitable type of separation member. For example, reservoirsmay be separated by an impenetrable barrier (e.g., a solid wall), apenetrable barrier, or a valve (e.g., a one-way valve that allows thereservoir to be loaded, but prevents backwards flow out of thereservoir).

Although the figures show the devices having certain numbers ofreservoirs and having certain shapes, dimensions, geometries,configurations, etc., any suitable number of reservoirs may be includedin the devices, and the devices may have any suitable shape, dimensions,geometry, and configuration.

FIG. 3 illustrates drug delivery device 100 having a rod-like, orcylindrical shape and a round cross-section. However, other examples ofdrug delivery devices may comprise a bent, curved, helical, coiled,serpentine, zigzag-type, or other nonlinear type of device bodystructure. Furthermore, other examples of drug delivery devices may havecylindrical, quadrilateral, ellipsoidal, polyhedral, or irregularcross-sections.

Some drug delivery devices are configured to free-float in the vitreousor other part of the orbit or eye upon implantation. However, other drugdelivery devices may comprise a tether or other feature to allowrepositioning, retrieval and/or securing the device while it isimplanted in the body. Variations of drug devices may comprise anattachment configured to allow the device to be secured to the subject'sanatomy. Such attachments may allow permanent or temporary securing ofthe drug device to the anatomy, e.g., attachments may be biodegradableto dissolve over time.

The drug delivery devices may be configured to deliver any suitableagent (i.e., drug) or combination of agents to a subject. In drugdelivery devices comprising multiple reservoirs, two or more of thereservoirs may comprise the same agent, e.g., to deliver sequentialdoses of that agent. Reservoirs may be loaded with multiple agents thatare selected to be at least part of a combination drug therapy, e.g., aconcomitant drug therapy that comprises the simultaneous delivery ofmultiple agents and/or a sequential drug therapy that comprises thesequential delivery of multiple agents.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, for example, in some variations, a targetregion may comprise a band that extends circumferentially around atleast part of a circumference of the device. This latter geometry mayallow improved access to the target region from an externally directedtriggering stimulus (e.g., a laser) even if the device rotates in vivo.

In some variations, lens 101 (FIG. 1) is used between light sources 110and the eye to filter the light and/or direct it onto a barrier of asealed reservoir. In other variations, the filtering/focusing lens 101is placed directly on the eye. In some embodiments, the drug reservoirs132 comprise sequential doses, which may be unit doses, of the same or asimilar therapeutic agent to treat chronic conditions (e.g., age-relatedmacular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, etc.). In thosecircumstances, drug delivery devices 100 may be left in the eye foryears, with the spacing between doses being on the order of weeks,months or longer.

Verification of Therapeutic Agent Release

FIGS. 4A-4F illustrate examples of visual indicators for verifying therelease of therapeutic agents from the drug delivery device. In someembodiments, a visual indicator is a marker. Referring now to the upperportion of FIG. 4A, drug delivery device 10 is shown during laseractivation 20. FIG. 4B shows the laser-induced rupture 40 of a reservoir30, thereby releasing a marker 80 and a therapeutic agent 70 containedwithin the ruptured reservoir. FIG. 4C shows an opening in a barrierlayer 50 of the drug delivery device 10, and a spent reservoir 60. Themarker 80 is bioabsorbable, biodegradable, or otherwise temporary afterrelease from the drug reservoir, in some preferred embodiments of thedisclosure. The marker 80 may be chemically bound to the therapeuticagent 70, or it may exist in a simple mixture with the therapeutic agent70.

Alternatively, referring to FIGS. 4D, 4E, and 4F, the marker 80 may bean independent layer coated on the outside of the therapeutic agent 70,an independent layer on the internal surface of the barrier, orcontained in one or more defined locations inside the quantity oftherapeutic agent 70. Referring now to FIG. 4D, drug delivery device 10during laser activation 20 is illustrated. FIG. 4E shows thelaser-induced rupture 40 of a reservoir 30. The laser-induced rupture 40releases both therapeutic agent 70, as well as marker 80 from the outerenvelope of marker. FIG. 4F shows an opening in a barrier layer 50 ofthe drug delivery device 10, and a spent reservoir 60.

In some embodiments, the marker 80 may also be contained in a dye pelletwithin the drug reservoir (not shown). In some embodiments, a low volumefraction of a marker 80 is included within or surrounds the drugreservoir 30.

Examples of markers 80 include but are not limited to dyes, stains,fluorophores, phosphors, and bioluminescent substances. In this way thephysician or other health care provider receives immediate, visualfeedback that a reservoir barrier has been activated (e.g., perforation,change in permeation, breeching, destruction, etc.) and that thetherapeutic agent(s) 70 contained therein will consequently be released.Particularly suitable examples of markers 80 include, but are notlimited to, fluorescein, rose Bengal, indocyanine green, rhodamine,other dyes safely used in the eye, or the flourophore. A fluorophoremarker released from a drug delivery device is shown in FIG. 5 anddescribed in further detail below in Example 1.

In some embodiments, the marker 80 is not visible to the naked eye so asavoid obscuring the patient's vision, but can be visualized uponexternal excitation. In a preferred variant of this embodiment, themarker 80 is UVA excitable, such that under ordinary illumination, andfor a drug delivery device deployed in the eye, the patient does notexperience any visual field changes unless an ultraviolet light sourceis used to illuminate the patient's eye. In other embodiments, themarker is not visible until it is released into the ocular tissue from adrug reservoir of the drug delivery device. For instance, in someembodiments, the marker 80 is designed to change color when the localpH, salinity, hydration, etc., changes. This may occur, for example,when the marker 80 elutes from the environment inside the reservoir 30into ocular tissue such as the vitreous humor in the posterior chamberor the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.

In some embodiments, one marker is employed, while in other embodiments,more than one marker is used (not shown). For example, an un-bound firstmarker can be used to indicate that a reservoir has been successfullyactivated, breached, opened, etc., by a laser or other means. A second,bound marker can be used to directly indicate the elution of thetherapeutic agent. Another possibility is to encase the drug reservoirwith a highly soluble outer dye layer possessing a thin protectivecoating. As such, when a laser is used to breach the drug reservoirbarrier, the first soluble material to elute is the dye layer thatencases the therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the marker maybecovalently bound to the therapeutic agent. A release of two markers isshown in FIG. 6 and further described in Example 3 below.

In some embodiments, two or more markers are arranged spatially suchthat successive release of the markers indicates the stage of release ofthe therapeutic agents from the drug reservoirs. For example, one markercan be placed proximal to the activation site of the drug reservoir suchthat upon activation of the reservoir by irradiation of the activationsite on the barrier wall, the underlying first marker is observable. Asecond marker can be placed distal to the activation site such that whenthe therapeutic agent located between the first and second markers hascompletely eluted, the second marker is observed to elute from the spentdrug reservoir. Such arrangements require proper packaging, as well asengineering of the solubility of the contents of the drug reservoir.

Another consideration for the marker is time. Often the treatingphysician will want to know immediately whether the barrier has beenactivated, but will not have time to observe a slowly eluting visualindicator. An example of a slow visual indicator is a water-based dyemixed, bonded or otherwise coupled to a therapeutic agent of interest,which co-elutes into the vitreous of a posterior chamber of a patient'seye. Elution of a slow visual indicator may require a wait of tenminutes or longer before definitive confirmation of barrier activationon the basis of marker elution is provided. This wait may be too lengthyfor a busy practitioner to accommodate. For this reason, in furtherembodiments described below, confirmation of barrier activation is madenot on the basis of release of a marker, but on the basis of a visualchange to the barrier (e.g., visibility of a drug pellet, deformation,air bubble, breech, alteration, perforation, etc.). In yet anotherembodiment, the barrier can be designed so that the barrier materialchanges color or shape when a sufficient amount of laser energy has beenimparted on the barrier material to cause it to open or be perforated.These visual changes to the barrier as ways of confirmation of barrieractivation can be made without the need of a marker. However, these waysof confirmation may also be used in conjunction with a marker.

In some embodiments, the implantable medical drug delivery devices arethose described in U.S. 2009/0196903 of Kliman entitled “Drug DeliveryDevices, Kits and Methods, Therefor,” which is herein incorporated byreference. In some embodiments, the exterior appearance of the drugreservoirs of suitable implantable medical drug delivery devices aremade distinct through the use of different colors, dyes, etc., in orderto initially distinguish between reservoirs. The exterior of the drugdelivery device can have numbers, figures, stripes, or other symbolsdrawn or etched into the barrier material over each reservoir, allowingthe physician to quickly determine the contents of that reservoir (drug,dose, marker, etc). The physician or health care provider can also usesuch markings to determine which reservoirs have been opened in the pastby comparing the markings with records from past office visits.

An example of a drug delivery device having markings on the exterior ofthe drug delivery device is illustrated in FIG. 5. Drug delivery device500 includes multiple reservoirs with markings of numbers. For example,reservoir 502 is marked with “1”, reservoir 504 is marked with “2”, andreservoir 506 is marked with “3”. The numbers may be etched into ordrawn on the barrier layers of each reservoir. Furthermore, the markingsmay appear around the circumference of drug delivery device 500 suchthat the markings can be visualized by the physician regardless of therotation of drug delivery device 500 in the eye. For example, themarkings may be located around each barrier layer at every 60 or 90degrees. In other examples, the markings may be one or more of symbols,letters, numbers, colored regions, or any combination thereof, forexample.

Additional visual indicators may be employed to distinguish betweenreservoirs prior to activation, to determine when a particular reservoirhas been activated, or to distinguish the contents released by activatedreservoirs. For instance, a blister or melt artifact from heating abarrier layer of a drug reservoir may be used to determine whether adrug reservoir has been opened. A characteristic foamy appearance of alaser-heated polymer wall is reliably produced when a polymer barrierlayer, such as a thin-walled layer of high density polyethylene, hasbeen perforated. In these ways, there is a visual indication confirmingthe release of the therapeutic agent from a reservoir. A marker may ormay not be used in conjunction with these visible structural changes toconfirm release of the therapeutic agent from the reservoir.

Other embodiments satisfying the requirement for a rapid indication ofactivation of a drug reservoir barrier include the induction of a smallgas bubble, which is visible at the laser activation site. This bubblemay, for example, be forced out from inside a porous cake or matrixcontaining a therapeutic agent inside the drug reservoir. Alternatively,the bubble may be produced by thermal evaporation of water by heatingthe barrier with a laser. In further embodiments, the visual indicatoris provided in the form of a direct observation of a laser-generatedhole or feature. If a color contrast exists between the wall of thebarrier and the payload inside a reservoir, a direct visualization ofthe contrast of the interior content against the barrier structureprovides a suitable visual indication. Similarly, multiple therapeuticagent payloads may be colored, dyed, or otherwise made visually distinctfrom both the drug reservoir barrier and from each other. In someembodiments, the barrier is transparent or translucent. This permits thereservoir interior to be observed to indicate when a drug reservoirbarrier has been activated, and to distinguish between differenttherapeutic agents that may variously populate multiple drug reservoirsof the implantable medical device. In further embodiments, the barrieris colored and the barrier breech or activation reveals a contrastingcolor of a tablet including the therapeutic agent through the barrieropening.

After an initial release of a therapeutic agent from the first drugreservoir of a drug delivery device containing multiple drug reservoirs,subsequent release events are initiated. During subsequent drug deliverydevice activations, the treating physician may be unable to observe theinitial visual indicator (e.g., perforation of the barrier wall of thefirst drug reservoir of the drug delivery device because the drugdelivery device has moved (e.g., rotated) or because the physician isobserving the drug delivery device from a different angle. As such, insome embodiments a specific color present in the drug payload provides afurther visual indicator to distinguish between a drug-filled (loaded)reservoir and an empty (unloaded) reservoir. In a particular embodiment,the drug delivery device tubing wall in thin sections is translucent ortransparent, allowing an observer to visualize the color or pigmentationof the contents of in a particular reservoir. In some embodiments, fullreservoirs are designed to show a particular color corresponding to aparticular type of marker or therapeutic, while empty reservoirs aredevoid of color. In another embodiment, the shape of the reservoirand/or barrier wall can indicate if the reservoir contains drug or isempty. For example, full reservoirs may have flat walls or walls thatbulge outward, but once the drug has been released from the drugdelivery device, the reservoir walls may look compressed or caved in,indicating no drug is in the reservoir.

It should be understood that the terms “drug,” “therapeutic agent,” and“formulation” are used interchangeably herein. Therapeutic agents may beselected from the classes of agents including anti-inflammatories (e.g.,steroidal and non-steroidal), anti-infectives (e.g., antibiotics,antifungals, antiparasitics, antivirals, and antiseptics),anti-allergens, cholinergic antagonists and agonists, adrenergicantagonists and agonists, anti-glaucoma agents, neuroprotection agents,agents for cataract prevention or treatment, anti-oxidants,antihistamines, anti-platelet agents, anticoagulants, antithrombics,anti-scarring agents, anti-proliferatives, anti-tumor agents, complementinhibitors (e.g., anti-C5 agents, including anti-C5a and anti-C5bagents), decongestants, healing promoters, vitamins (e.g., vitamin B andderivatives thereof, vitamin A, depaxapenthenol, and retinoic acid),growth factors, agents to inhibit growth factors, gene therapy vectors,chemotherapy agents, protein kinase inhibitors, small interfering RNAs,and combinations thereof. Non-limiting, specific examples of drugs thatmay be used alone or as part of a combination drug therapy includeLUCENTIS™ (ranibizumab), AVASTIN™ (bevacizumab), MACUGEN™ (pegaptanib),steroids, e.g., dexamethasone, triamcinolone, and fluocinolone,taxol-like drugs, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) trap(aflibercept), anecortave acetate (Retaane), and limus family compounds.Non-limiting examples of members of the limus family of compoundsinclude sirolimus (rapamycin), tacrolimus, everolimus, pimecrolimus,zotarolimus, temsirolimus, AP23841 (Ariad), and the like, as well asanalogs and derivatives thereof.

EXAMPLE 1 Visualization of a Laser-Activated Fluorophore Release

In a proof of concept demonstration, illustrated in FIG. 6, a drugdelivery device 600 was fabricated as a tubular polymeric device. Drugreservoir 610 of the exemplary drug delivery device was filled with acomposition comprising a dexamethasone salt and sodium fluorescein. Thedrug delivery device 600 was placed within an acceptor compartment of aFranz cell. A Franz cell is a specially designed apparatus that allowsfor the determination of the precise amount of bioactive compound thathas penetrated through a membrane. The membrane is positioned between anupper donor chamber and a lower acceptor chamber. A laser was used toirradiate the drug delivery device with a wavelength at 532 nm through amembrane separating the donor and acceptor compartments of the Franzcell. The laser-induced rupture of the drug reservoir was verified byvisually observing a fluorescent streams 620 emanating from the drugdelivery device into the aqueous medium of the acceptor compartment.

EXAMPLE 2 Visualization of a Laser-Activated Reservoir Breach

In a further proof of concept demonstration, a tubular polymeric drugdelivery device (black polyolefin shrink tube) was fabricated. A drugreservoir of the exemplary drug delivery device was filled with acomposition comprising a dexamethasone salt and sodium fluorescein. Thedrug delivery device was placed within the vitreous of an eye of analbino pig using an 18 gauge needle. A laser was used to irradiate thedrug delivery device with a wavelength of 532 nm (750-1000 mw, 50 ms, 50(im laser pulse) to rupture the barrier layer to elute the dexamethasonesalt and sodium fluorescein mixture contained within the drug reservoir.A sample of the vitreous containing the activated drug delivery devicewas removed from the eye and placed in a cuvette for observation of thedrug delivery device over time. The laser-induced rupture of the drugreservoir was verified by visually observing formation of a gas bubbleat the site upon which the laser beam was focused.

EXAMPLE 3 Visualization of a Laser-Activated Exposure of Two TherapeuticAgents

In a further proof of concept demonstration, illustrated in FIG. 7, atubular polymeric drug delivery device 700, made from black polyolefinshrink tube, containing two drug reservoirs separated by a divider wasfabricated. A first drug reservoir 710 of the exemplary drug deliverydevice 700 is filled with a composition comprising a dexamethasone saltand a fluorescein salt. A second drug reservoir 720 of the exemplarydrug delivery device 700 is filled with a composition comprising adexamethasone salt and a rhodamine salt. The drug delivery device isplaced within the vitreous of an eye of an albino pig using an 18 gaugeneedle. A laser is used to irradiate the drug delivery device with awavelength of 532 nm (750-1000 mw, 50 ms, 50 (im laser pulse) to rupturethe barrier layer of the first drug reservoir to elute the dexamethasonesalt and fluorescein salt mixture contained within the first drugreservoir 710. A laser is then used to irradiate the drug deliverydevice with a wavelength of 532 nm (750-1000 mw, 50 ms, 50 (μm laserpulse) to rupture the barrier layer of the second drug reservoir 720 toelute the dexamethasone salt and rhodamine salt mixture contained withinthe second drug reservoir. As described above, air bubble 730 associatedwith the opening of first drug reservoir 710 is illustrated in FIG. 7.Similarly, air bubble 740 associated with the opening of second drugreservoir 720 is also illustrated. Air bubbles 730 and 740 visuallyindicate to the physician or other health care provider that first drugreservoir 710 and second drug reservoir 720 have been successfullyopened by the laser irradiation. A sample of the vitreous containing theactivated drug delivery device is removed from the eye and placed in acuvette for observation of the drug delivery device over time. Thelaser-induced rupture of the two drug reservoirs is verified by visuallyobserving formation of an air bubble at the sites upon which the laserbeam was focused. In addition, the laser-induced rupture of the two drugreservoirs is verified by visually observing a fluorescein (yellow)stream and a rhodamine (red) stream emanating from the breachedreservoirs of the drug delivery device into the vitreous ex vivo.

This disclosure is illustrative and not limiting. Further modificationswill be apparent to one skilled in the art in light of this disclosureand such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A drug delivery device for implantation into aneye, the drug delivery device comprising: a first reservoir configuredto be loaded with a first therapeutic agent; a first marker associatedwith the first therapeutic agent; and a barrier layer of the firstreservoir, wherein the barrier layer extends circumferentially aroundthe first reservoir, wherein the first reservoir is configured, inresponse to absorption by a first optical radiation at the barrierlayer, to release the first therapeutic agent and the first marker,wherein the first marker indicates the release of the first therapeuticagent.
 2. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein the drug deliverydevice is a rod-like structure.
 3. The drug delivery device of claim 1,further comprising: a plurality of reservoirs, wherein each reservoir isconfigured to be loaded with a therapeutic agent, wherein each reservoirhas a barrier layer, wherein each barrier layer extendscircumferentially around its respective reservoir, and wherein eachreservoir is configured, in response to an optical radiation at itsrespective barrier layer, to release the therapeutic agent and a markerassociated with the therapeutic agent to indicate the release of thetherapeutic agent.
 4. The drug delivery device of claim 3, wherein eachreservoir of the plurality of reservoirs are configured to receive theoptical radiation independent of the other reservoirs of the pluralityof reservoirs.
 5. The drug delivery device of claim 1, furthercomprising a visual indication associated with the first reservoir foridentifying the first reservoir.
 6. The drug delivery device of claim 5,wherein the visual indication includes a plurality of markings, whereineach marking is located on the device so that at least one marking isvisible by a user of a device applying the optical radiation.
 7. Thedrug delivery device of claim 6, wherein the plurality of marking arecircumferentially positioned around the first reservoir.
 8. The drugdelivery device of claim 1, wherein the drug delivery device isconfigured to be free-floating within the eye after implantation.
 9. Thedrug delivery device of claim 1, which is configured to release thefirst marker from the first reservoir into an ocular region prior torelease of the first therapeutic agent from the reservoir into theocular region.
 10. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein thefirst marker is unbound from the first therapeutic agent.
 11. The drugdelivery device of claim 1, wherein the first marker comprises a coatingon an internal surface of the first reservoir.
 12. The drug deliverydevice of claim 1, further comprises a second marker arranged spatiallyin the first reservoir with the first therapeutic agent and the firstmarker.
 13. The drug delivery device of claim 1, wherein the firstmarker is a fluorophore.
 14. The drug delivery device of claim 13,wherein the fluorophore is selected from the group consisting offluorescein, rose Bengal, indocyanine green, and rhodamine.
 15. The drugdelivery device of claim 1, wherein the first therapeutic agent isselected from the group consisting of anti-inflammatories,anti-infectives, anti-allergens, cholinergic agonists and antagonists,adrenergic agonists and antagonists, anti-glaucoma agents, agents forcataract prevention or treatment, neuroprotection agents, anti-oxidants,antihistamines, anti-platelet agents, anti-coagulants, anti-thrombicagents, anti-scarring agents, anti-proliferatives, anti-tumor agents,complement inhibitors, decongestants, vitamins, growth factors,anti-growth factor agents, gene therapy vectors, chemotherapy agents,protein kinase inhibitors, small interfering RNAs, limus familycompounds, and combinations thereof.
 16. The drug delivery device ofclaim 1, wherein the first therapeutic agent comprises an anti-vascularendothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agent.
 17. The drug deliverydevice of claim 16, wherein the anti-VEGF agent is selected from thegroup consisting of aflibercept (VEGF trap), bevacizumab (AVASTIN),pegaptanib sodium (MACUGEN), and ranibizumab (LUCENTIS).
 18. A drugdelivery device for implantation into an eye, the drug delivery devicecomprising: a first reservoir loaded with a first therapeutic agent; anda barrier layer extending circumferentially around the first reservoir,wherein the first reservoir is configured, in response to absorption bya first optical radiation at the barrier layer, to generate or expose avisual indicator upon breach of the first reservoir, the visualindicator being visibly observable with visible light to verify exposureof the first therapeutic agent to an ocular region.
 19. The drugdelivery device of claim 18, wherein the visual indicator comprises anair bubble.
 20. The drug delivery device of claim 18, wherein the visualindicator comprises a hole in the barrier layer.
 21. The drug deliverydevice of claim 18, wherein the visual indicator comprises apredetermined color of the barrier layer, and wherein the predeterminedcolor indicates a ruptured barrier layer.
 22. The drug delivery deviceof claim 18, wherein the visual indicator is a shape of the barrierlayer.
 23. A drug delivery device for implantation within or adjacent anocular region of a subject, comprising: a plurality of reservoirs eachloaded with a therapeutic agent and a marker; and a plurality of barrierlayers each separating contents of one of the reservoirs from the ocularregion, each barrier layer being arranged to receive a selected exposureto irradiation effective to breach the barrier layer and thereby triggerrelease of the marker from one of the reservoirs associated with thebreached barrier layer, wherein the marker released into the ocularregion is observable with visible light in order to verify exposure ofthe therapeutic agent to the ocular region.
 24. The drug delivery deviceof claim 23, wherein the marker is unbound from the therapeutic agent.